This Month’s Spotlight: Urban Sustainability
Each SDSN Members’ Bulletin will focus on a major element of the SDSN’s work. Today’s topic is urban sustainability.
The importance of urban development
Urbanization will be the defining trend in the coming decades, especially in East Asia, South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, where the bulk of extreme poverty is concentrated. Cities, in these and other regions, will play a central role in the ability of nations to achieve sustainable development. Today, half the world’s seven billion people live in cities. By 2030 there will be over one billion more urban residents and for the first time ever, in many parts of the world, the number of rural residents will start to shrink. Between 2010 and 2050, the urban population will grow significantly, by 2.5 to 3 billion people, increasing the urban share to two-thirds of the total world population.
Urbanization has the ability to transform the social and economic fabric of nations. Cities are responsible for the bulk of production and consumption worldwide and are the primary engines of economic growth and development. Roughly three-quarters of global economic activity is urban and as the urban population grows, so will the urban share of global GDP and investments. The right to development for low-income and middle-income countries can only be realized through sustainable urbanization that addresses the needs of both rural and urban areas.
It must also be recognized that cities are home to extreme deprivation and environmental degradation, with one billion people living in slums. In many countries the number of slum dwellers has increased significantly in recent years and urban inequality is deepening.
The dynamism of cities represents a major sustainable development opportunity. By getting urban development right, cities can create jobs and offer better livelihoods; increase economic growth; improve social inclusion; promote the decoupling of living standards and economic growth from environmental resource use; protect local and regional ecosystems; reduce both urban and rural poverty; and drastically reduce pollution. Sound urban development will accelerate progress towards achieving SDGs, including the end of extreme poverty.
On the other hand, mistakes made in managing urban growth are very hard to undo. Infrastructure investments, urban land-use systems, and layouts are literally cast in stone – with impacts that may be difficult to alter for many decades. Without adequate management and investments, slums may expand, and cities may fail to generate the jobs necessary to improve livelihoods. As a result, inequalities, exclusion, and violence may increase. Countries may fail to decouple economic development from resource use, and cities may fail to provide economic opportunities to surrounding rural areas and become vulnerable to climate and other environmental changes.
Cities around the world are struggling to accommodate their rising populations and address the multi-dimensional challenges of urban development. If current trends continue, few countries stand to reap the benefits of sustainable urban development. The stakes are high. How the SDGs address the urban challenge and how cities promote a shift away from “business as usual” is of paramount importance to the post-2015 development agenda.
The case for an urban SDG
There are six main reasons for an urban SDG, which has the potential to:
- Educate and focus attention on urgent urban challenges and future opportunities,
- Mobilize and empower all urban actors around practical problem solving,
- Address the specific challenges of urban poverty and access to infrastructure,
- Promote integrated and innovative infrastructure design and service delivery,
- Promote land use planning and efficient spatial concentration,
- Ensure resilience to climate change and disaster risk reduction.An urban SDG will mobilize cities and promote the integration of the economic, social, environmental, and governance dimensions of sustainable development. Such a systems approach to urban development offers the best chance for seizing the opportunities presented by rapid urbanization and avoiding its potential pitfalls. A coordinated effort via an urban SDG could transform the lives of vast numbers of urban dwellers, across a wide range of countries with very different income levels.
An urban goal and its targets must be carefully framed to address key issues. It must be universally applicable, incorporating a set of indicators that can be adapted to accommodate differing development stages (e.g. rapidly growing small cities and more stable, or shrinking, large cities) in all parts of the world. The urban goal must be limited in scope, so it is manageable and possible to implement by 2030, and must be mirrored by coordinated regional interventions to address the specific challenges of rural development. The SDGs proposed by the SDSN have been designed to respond to these needs.
What might indicators for an urban SDG look like?
In its draft report Indicators for the SDGs
, the SDSN has suggested an integrated set of 100 core indicators for the SDGs plus several dozen Tier 2 indicators that countries may track in addition to core indicators. Some of the core indicators that are particularly relevant for cities include:
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Percentage of urban population with incomes below national extreme poverty line (adapted MDG Indicator)
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[Indicator on the deployment of a sustainable development strategy for each urban agglomeration above [250,000] to be developed]
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Proportion of urban population living in slums or informal settlements (MDG Indicator)
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Percentage of urban population using basic drinking water (modified MDG Indicator)
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Percentage of urban population using basic sanitation (modified MDG Indicator)
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Proportion of urban households with weekly solid waste collection
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Proportion of urban households with access to reliable public transportation
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Mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants in urban areas
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Mean urban air pollution of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5)
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Percentage of wastewater flows treated to national standards, by domestic and industrial sources
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Urban green space per capita
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Economic losses from disasters in urban areas, by climatic and non-climatic events (in US$) [Indicator to be specified]
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Share of the population with access to modern cooking solutions (%)
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Share of the population with access to reliable electricity (%)
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A revised version of the report and indicator set will be published in the second half of April.